Below is one of the papers I submitted for the Introduction to Linguistics course. It discusses the factors behind the death of certain languages. Enjoy :)
Language Death
“All speech, written or
spoken, is a dead language, until it finds a willing and prepared hearer.” This
statement of Robert Louis Stevenson’s is the key to understanding the concept
of language death. A language dies when nobody speaks it anymore (Crystal, 2000). Thus, language
death is the result of various factors: human and non-human.
It is estimated that 90% of human
languages will, in the long run, become extinct or be doomed to extinction (Baker, 2006). This expectation is
based on the fact that 50% of the world's estimated 6,300 languages are no
longer being reproduced among children. Therefore, many of these languages will
die in the next 100 years unless some conservation measures are taken. Linguists maintain that, around 8,000
BC, there were more than 20,000 existing languages. In 2012, that number was considered to be
6,909 (How does a Language Die?, 2013).
One of the important human factors that
intervene in the transmission of languages from one generation to another is
the oppression of minor languages in some areas. For example, about three-quarters of the
languages of the Americas are under the threat of extinction, and 95 % of the
indigenous aboriginal Australian languages are declining extremely rapidly (Rosenthal, 2014).
Another example is what has taken place in the former Soviet Union. Many
people in Kazakhstan are unable to speak Kazakh because they grew up in
exclusively Russian-speaking environments. Those environments were nurtured by
the laws of the former Soviet Union. In the 1950s the USSR implemented the
policy of Russifiying its republics. Children from non-Russian speaking
families were sent to only Russian-speaking boarding schools for ten months. Such
policies are set from political and economic perspectives. Armies can fight
together only if they share the same language, and it is easier and cheaper to
market to millions of people in the same language (Raw, 2014).
Another human factor is
human conflict. During World War II, many islands of the Pacific Ocean lost their
native languages as a result of their colonization by European countries. In
South America, 1,500 indigenous languages that were used before contact with
European settlers are reduced to 350 languages nowadays (Raw, 2014). Therefore,
globalization is the main reason behind those policies and is actually succeeding
in killing some languages. It is realized that languages of little economic power are
more in danger of extinction. For instance, Spanish, English, and French are
not in danger; they are rather killing other languages. In France, Breton, Allsatian, and Provenรงal are eventually replaced
by French in schools; thus children are no more able to speak or write their
native languages.
Other factors that may lead
to the death of some languages may not be human; that is, out of human control.
Natural disasters have played a major role in murdering some languages. Tidal
waves, earthquakes, and volcanoes have wiped out hundreds of thousands of
people along with their languages. In 1970, a tidal wave swept most of the
inhabitants of the Andaman Island, which belongs to India. The Indian
government decided to move the remaining Andamanese to a safer nearby island, a
decision which affected the Andamanese language vastly. Andamanese, which was
one of the oldest languages in the world, was no longer transmitted from older
to younger generations. It died with Boa Sr, the only member of the Bo tribe
who survived till 2010. She was reported to have lived alone as a result of her
husband's death. Her children, on the other hand, did not acquire the language
of their parents. "It was all because of the colonizer", she said a
few days before her death. "They destroyed our language. And then came
this wave. Everything is over" (Shaw, 2010).
Although languages die
because of human and non-human factors, some languages die because they don't
help individuals of today to communicate. That is, some languages are not
productive in terms of word formation; thus, they cannot satisfy the
communicational needs of modern man. For example, Mlahso,
a dialect of Aramaic, died in 1998 with the death of its last speaker in Syria.
Nobody knows this language anymore except his nearly deaf sister who has no one
to speak it to (Law, pp. 2,3).
Different factors
contribute to the death of language. With the high rate of language death, one
language dies every two weeks (Rymer, 2012).
Hence, governments have to take necessary conservative measures to keep their
languages safe, because language represents one's history and culture, and
predicts his future.
Works
Cited
Baker, C. (2006). Foundations of Bilingual
Education and Bilingualism. Multilingual Matters LTD.
Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death.
Cambridge University Press.
How does a Language Die? (2013, February 21). Retrieved January 11, 2015,
from Languages.com: http://languages.com/2013/02/21/how-does-a-language-die/
Law, P. (n.d.). Langage Ecology. BBC
, pp. 2-3.
Raw, L. (2014, November 11). Retrieved
January 4, 2015, from The Official Memrise Blog:
http://www.memrise.com/blog/why-do-languages-die/
Rosenthal, M. (2014, July 15). When
languages die, ecosystems often die with them. PRI .
Rymer, R. (2012, July). Vanishing
Languages. National Geographic .
Shaw, A. (2010, February 10). Last
member of 65,000-year-old tribe dies, taking one of world's earliest languages
to the grave. Daily Mail , pp. 1-2.